Global Talent Mobility Statistics 2026: Where Skilled Workers Are Moving, Why Mobility Is Declining

A data-driven look at global talent movement, from expat assignments to e-migration and remote work, with insights from BCG, Mercer, Cartus, EY, Deloitte, and WEF for today’s HR leaders.

Quick Summary — What This Article Covers

1

Global talent mobility declined for the first time since 2020. BCG Q4 2025 data shows 2.4 million highly skilled workers relocated cross-border — down 8.5% year-on-year — as the US and UAE gained share and Canada and the UK lost ground.

2

72% of employers globally cannot find the skilled workers they need. ManpowerGroup’s 2026 survey of 39,063 employers across 41 countries shows hiring difficulty near a 20-year high, with AI skills overtaking engineering as the hardest to source globally for the first time.

3

Immigration has jumped from 11th to joint top mobility challenge — and 41% of organizations still measure nothing. Cartus’s 2026 survey shows immigration now ties with rising costs as the primary operational challenge, while most organizations lack the measurement frameworks to defend mobility budgets.

4

E-migration is scaling fast, but most organizations are unprepared for the compliance exposure. Over 2.2 million workers in Latin America worked for foreign employers without relocating in 2023. The OECD’s November 2025 permanent establishment framework now requires active jurisdiction day-count tracking that most programs have not yet built.

5

Evolved mobility functions are 3.7x more effective at addressing talent shortages, and firms with globally diverse leadership generate 17x more shareholder value. EY’s 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey and BCG’s Top Talent Tracker both quantify mobility as a measurable financial lever — not just an operational cost.

6

Global remittances hit $905 billion in 2024, but the US remittance tax now threatens the sourcing economics of Latin American talent. The US 1% remittance tax effective January 2026 could cut Latin America inflows by more than 10% — directly affecting e-migration and nearshoring programs that depend on those talent markets.

Reading time: approximately 18 minutes © EmployerRecords

Talent has always moved. What’s changed is the pace, the scale, and the way that movement actually happens.

The traditional model is still around. A company identifies a role overseas, selects an employee, negotiates a relocation package, and waits months for the move to go through. It still takes up a meaningful portion of mobility budgets.

But it’s no longer the default approach, and it’s definitely not where most of the momentum is.

What’s replacing it is a much broader mix. Short-term assignments. Remote-first international roles. Hybrid cross-border setups. And increasingly, what many now call e-migration, where employees work for companies in other countries without physically relocating.

The mechanics of mobility have changed. Compliance has become more complex. But at the same time, the upside for companies has expanded.

This article pulls together verified data from BCG, Mercer, Cartus, EY, Deloitte, ManpowerGroup, the World Economic Forum, and the United Nations to give a clear view of where workforce mobility stands today. The data is sourced directly, and more importantly, interpreted with practical use in mind.

A couple of patterns stand out. Mobility hasn’t slowed down. Around 70% of organizations report that their global mobility activity either held steady or increased in recent time. What has changed is the mix. Long-term relocations have leveled off, while shorter, more flexible, and often location-independent arrangements are gaining ground.

For HR leaders, mobility heads, and global hiring teams, the takeaway is hard to ignore. Mobility is no longer just about moving people from one place to another. It’s become a core part of how companies access, deploy, and retain talent. And the data is starting to reflect that shift quite clearly.

Global Mobility and Migration Landscape

The stock of people living outside their country of birth stood at 304 million by mid-2024, according to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. That figure, the most current global estimate available, covers all categories of international movement: labor migration, family reunification, humanitarian flows, and asylum.

As a share of total world population it represents 3.7%, only marginally higher than in 1990 when UN DESA began collecting these estimates.

For HR leaders, the macro figure matters less than the dynamics running underneath it. Corporate talent mobility is a distinct and relatively small subset of total global migration.

But it operates within the same visa systems, border controls, and policy environments that shape all cross-border movement. When those systems tighten, as they have recently in Canada and the United Kingdom, the effects land directly on mobility programs and hiring timelines.

Global Mobility and Migration Landscape — 2025 Data

UN DESA — International Migrant Stock, Mid-2024

304M

People living outside country of birth

3.7%

Share of world population — nearly unchanged since 1990

+29M

Rise since 2020, up from 275 million

First decline in highly skilled mobility since 2020 — BCG Q4 2025

2.4M

Highly skilled workers relocated, down from 2.6M

-8.5%

Year-on-year decline as of August 31, 2025

-220K

Fewer people on the move vs prior year

214M

Tracked pool of highly skilled professionals globally

STEM and AI talent movement

STEM professionals

~690K -5.2%

Cross-border relocations in 12 months to August 2025

AI specialists

208K +528%*

*Partly reflects expanded AI skill definitions and wider upskilling

Source: BCG Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025

Workforce mobility intent

StepStone Group — 150,735 respondents, 188 countries

23%

Actively searching for jobs abroad

21%

Open to relocating, not yet actively pursuing

Intent remains strong. Tighter policy and weaker hiring explain the gap between aspiration and actual movement.

Source: Decoding Global Talent 2024, StepStone Group / BCG

Top destination inflow share — highly skilled talent (BCG Q4 2025)

Destination Inflow share Change vs 2024 Status
United States 37% +2.4pp Gaining
United Kingdom 19% -0.5pp Losing share
UAE 8% +0.8pp Surging — #2 for STEM
Canada 7% -0.8pp Losing share
Saudi Arabia 6% -0.1pp Stable — rising Gulf competitor
Australia 4% -0.2pp Slight decline
Germany 4% 0.0pp Flat — AI share declining

Source: BCG Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025 — data current to August 31, 2025

Sources: UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2024 · BCG Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025 · StepStone Group — Decoding Global Talent 2024 © EmployerRecords

The most significant update in the current data is a reversal. BCG’s Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025, which monitors more than 214 million highly skilled workers across 200+ countries with data current to August 31, 2025, recorded approximately 2.4 million cross-border relocations among highly skilled professionals.

That represents a decline of 8.5% year-on-year, roughly 220,000 fewer people on the move than the prior year, and marks the first contraction in global talent mobility since 2020.

The drivers are identifiable. Tighter immigration policies in Canada and the UK reduced inflows to both countries meaningfully, with Canada losing 0.8 percentage points of market share and the UK losing 0.5 points. Weaker hiring conditions in tech and professional services dampened demand-side pull.

Economic uncertainty in several major economies added further friction. None of this signals the end of talent mobility, but it does signal that the conditions enabling easy cross-border movement have become more constrained.

The geographic shift is as important as the volume decline. The United States strengthened its dominant position, now capturing 37% of all inbound highly skilled talent, a gain of 2.4 percentage points year-on-year.

The UAE made the most dramatic move of any destination, rising to second place for STEM talent and attracting approximately 178,000 highly skilled professionals, an increase of 0.8 percentage points in market share. Saudi Arabia followed a similar trajectory. The Gulf states are no longer emerging destinations; they are established competitors in the global talent market.

STEM mobility tracked the overall downward trend, falling 5.2% with approximately 690,000 professionals relocating. AI talent moved in the opposite direction, with BCG recording a sharp rise in tracked AI professionals on the move, though the report notes this partly reflects wider upskilling and an expanded definition of AI skills rather than a straightforward fivefold increase in physical movement.

What it does confirm is that AI capability remains the most sought-after and internationally mobile skill category in the current market.

Global highly skilled talent mobility: volume trend and destination shift

Cross-border relocations — highly skilled workers (millions)

BCG Top Talent Tracker Q2 2025 (2024 data) and Q4 2025 (2025 data, as of August 31)

Inflow share change vs 2024 by destination (percentage points)

BCG Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025

Key finding: For the first time since 2020, global talent mobility contracted. The US and UAE gained share while Canada and the UK lost ground, driven by tighter immigration policies and weaker hiring conditions in major economies.

Source: BCG Top Talent Tracker Q4 2025 — data current to August 31, 2025 © EmployerRecords

Survey data from the StepStone Group’s Decoding Global Talent 2024 study, which surveyed 150,735 professionals across 188 countries, found that 23% were actively searching for jobs abroad and a further 21% were open to relocating without yet pursuing it.

Those preferences have not evaporated; the gap between intent and actual movement reflects the friction that tighter policy environments and weaker hiring conditions have introduced.

Australia, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany remained the most cited dream destinations, though actual inflow data from BCG suggests Canada and the UK are losing ground relative to their aspirational ranking.

Changing Models of Mobility

The Volume Picture Has Fundamentally Changed

The question organizations asked five years ago was whether mobility would survive the pandemic. The question now is whether the traditional model of mobility, a long-term assignment, a generous expat package, a family relocation, can survive the cost environment of 2026.

The evidence from Cartus’s Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026, based on 83 respondents across HR, compensation, and global mobility functions, shows a mobility landscape that is neither collapsing nor comfortably growing.

Roughly 35% of organizations reported a volume increase over the past two years, while 34% reported a decrease. The near-even split is itself the story. Mobility is no longer a function where the default direction is expansion. Organizations are making active choices about where to move people, for how long, and at what cost.

The reasons behind volume changes have also shifted materially since 2024. When mobility activity increased, the drivers in 2026 were strategic expansion into new markets and company growth.

When it decreased, cost containment was the leading cause, followed by reduced business appetite for global mobility as a tool. This is a different picture from 2024, when local talent shortages drove increases and cost controls drove decreases.

The 2026 dynamic suggests mobility is being treated more selectively and tied more directly to business growth decisions than to filling gaps.

Cost Pressure Has Moved From Background to Boardroom

Cost pressure is not new, but its position in the agenda has intensified. According to Mercer’s 2025 Strategic Mobility Management Survey, high costs remain the primary barrier to talent relocation.

To address this, organizations are increasingly replacing traditional long-term assignments with shorter, more targeted, and more cost-controlled alternatives. Short-term assignments, virtual assignments, commuter arrangements, and locally hired foreign nationals are all gaining ground as organizations seek to move skills without moving the full cost structure of a classic expatriate package.

Changing Models of Mobility — 2026 Survey Data

Mobility volume over past two years — Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026

35%

Reported volume increase

Driven by market expansion and company growth

34%

Reported volume decrease

Driven by cost containment and reduced business appetite

Neither expanding nor contracting

Mobility is now a selective strategic decision, not a default growth function

Top priorities and challenges — 2026 vs 2024

Rank Top priorities 2026 Top challenges 2026 Notable shift from 2024
1 Improve in-house mobility processes Rising costs / Immigration (tied) Immigration was 11th in 2024 — now joint top
2 Improve the employee experience Extended business travelers / remote workers Remote worker complexity replacing individual expectations
3 Compliance Flexible approach / Calculating ROI (tied) Compliance moves up significantly from 2024

Source: Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026

Flexible policy adoption

48%

Embraced or actively introducing flexible policies

A further 23% are considering it

Policy reviews in 2026

63%

Planning a policy review this year. Drivers: employee experience (58%), cost (52%), flexibility (50%)

Measurement gap

41%

Do not formally measure assignment success — a vulnerability when competing for budget against AI investment

AI in mobility teams

42%

Use AI in mobility operations. 49% do not. 68% favour a hybrid human-plus-technology approach

Primary cost reduction strategies — 2026

48%

Administrative process improvement

40%

Restructuring or redesigning policy

36%

IT enhancements and system integration

Source: Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026

Sources: Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026 · Mercer Global Talent Trends 2026 · Mercer 2025 Strategic Mobility Management Survey © EmployerRecords

Immigration Has Become the Defining Operational Challenge

Immigration has emerged as the defining operational challenge of 2026. In Cartus’s 2024 survey, immigration ranked eleventh among mobility challenges.

In the 2026 survey it has risen to joint top position, tying with rising mobility costs. The countries generating the most immigration difficulty include China, Europe broadly, and the United States.

Local law complexity is flagged most prominently for Brazil, India, and Switzerland. This is a direct reflection of the policy tightening that has reduced actual talent inflows to Canada and the UK as documented in BCG’s movement data. What was an administrative concern two years ago is now a strategic constraint.

Mobility challenges: ranking shift 2024 to 2026

Challenge rank — 2024 vs 2026 (1 = top challenge)

Lower rank number = higher challenge. Immigration moved from rank 11 in 2024 to rank 1 in 2026.

Primary cost reduction approaches — 2026 (%)

% of organizations considering each approach. Multiple selections permitted.

The immigration shock: In 2024, immigration ranked 11th as a mobility challenge. By 2026 it has risen to joint top position, tying with rising costs. Policy tightening in the US, Canada, UK, and across Europe has turned a background administrative task into a front-line strategic risk.

Source: Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026

Source: Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026 — 83 respondents across HR, compensation, and global mobility functions © EmployerRecords

Flexibility Is the New Policy Default

Flexibility has become the organising principle of modern mobility program design. Cartus data shows that 48% of organizations have already embraced flexible mobility policies or are actively introducing them, with a further 23% considering it.

The 2026 report identifies flexibility as simultaneously the fourth greatest challenge and the fifth highest priority for mobility leaders, appearing in all three dimensions of the survey: top challenge, top priority, and top driver of policy reviews.

Nearly two thirds of respondents (63%) are planning a policy review in 2026, with employee experience, cost, and flexibility cited as the leading reasons. Organizations are not changing policy as a cosmetic exercise; they are redesigning programs to serve a workforce that now expects negotiated, individualized relocation support rather than a standardised package.

Technology Is Splitting Mobility Teams Into Two Camps

Technology is changing how mobility programs operate. Mercer’s Global Talent Trends 2026, drawing on nearly 12,000 executives, HR leaders, employees, and investors globally, shows that AI and skills-based talent management have moved to the centre of workforce strategy conversations.

Within mobility specifically, Cartus data shows 42% of mobility teams now use AI for efficiency and communication purposes, while 49% have not yet adopted it.

The majority of organizations (68%) favour a hybrid approach, combining human expertise with technology for supporting relocating employees. The gap between AI adopters and non-adopters in mobility will likely widen as administrative complexity grows, particularly around immigration and compliance tracking.

The Measurement Gap Is the Most Urgent Problem Nobody Is Talking About

One metric from the 2026 Cartus survey warrants direct attention from every mobility leader: 41% of organizations do not formally measure assignment success at all.

At a moment when mobility programs are under cost scrutiny, competing for budget alongside AI investment, and being asked to prove strategic value, the absence of any measurement framework in four out of ten organizations is a significant vulnerability.

Mobility teams that cannot demonstrate ROI will find it increasingly difficult to maintain program budgets, let alone expand them.

The Rise of E-Migration

What E-Migration Actually Is

E-migration is not remote work in the conventional sense. It is a structural shift in how global labor markets connect: professionals remaining in their home country while employed by foreign companies, contributing to overseas operations without crossing a border. The physical move has been removed. The economic relationship has not.

The scale of this shift is now measurable. According to WEF analysis published January 2025, over 2.2 million remote workers from Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico were contributing to global companies in 2023. From 2020 to 2023, the number of South American professionals working remotely for North American companies grew by 70%.

That growth rate, sustained over three years, is not a pandemic anomaly. It is a structural realignment of where technical work gets done.

Why Companies Are Choosing E-Migration

The economics are direct. A US data scientist earning $156,000 can be replaced by equivalent talent in Latin America for between $24,000 and $36,000, according to market analysis from Career Launch Campus. In software engineering, the differential is similar.

When savings reach 50 to 90% with comparable output quality, finance leaders act on it. Roughly 70% of US tech firms now actively hire from Latin America to capture those savings while maintaining workable time zone overlap.

The WEF analysis adds a dimension that matters for HR teams beyond pure cost. A Deel survey cited by WEF found that software engineers in developing countries earn 28% more when working for international companies compared to domestic employers.

E-migration is not exploitative arbitrage in the way critics sometimes frame it. For both parties, the arrangement creates value that neither could access in a purely local market.

Latin American governments recognized this early. Mexico’s National Digital Strategy and Brazil’s Digital Transformation Strategy were both designed to support and expand the digital professional base capable of serving international employers.

The result has been a growing ecosystem of technically skilled professionals who can collaborate effectively with US and European teams without the logistical and compliance costs of physical relocation.

The Compliance Reality Nobody Prepared For

The opportunity is real. The compliance exposure that comes with it is equally real, and most organizations are not adequately prepared for it.

The most significant regulatory development affecting e-migration in 2026 is the OECD’s November 2025 update to the Model Tax Convention, the first major revision since 2017. The update introduces a two-part framework for assessing permanent establishment risk from cross-border remote work.

The temporal test establishes a 50% working time safe harbor: if an employee spends less than 50% of their total working time at a foreign remote location over any 12-month period, that location is generally not classified as a fixed place of business, and no permanent establishment arises.

The commercial reason test then applies when the 50% threshold is exceeded, examining whether the foreign presence serves a genuine business purpose.

E-Migration: Scale, Economics, and Compliance Risks — 2026

E-migration at scale — WEF analysis, January 2025

2.2M+

Remote workers in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico contributing to global firms in 2023

70%

Growth in South American professionals working remotely for North American companies, 2020 to 2023

28%

More than domestic peers earned by engineers in developing countries working for international companies

70%

Of US tech firms actively hiring from Latin America for cost savings and time zone alignment

OECD November 2025 — New Permanent Establishment Framework

The first major update to the Model Tax Convention since 2017 introduces a two-part test for assessing PE risk from cross-border remote work.

Test 1 — Temporal (50% safe harbor)

If an employee spends less than 50% of their working time in a foreign jurisdiction over any 12-month period, no permanent establishment arises from that location.

Test 2 — Commercial reason

If the 50% threshold is exceeded, analysis shifts to whether the foreign presence serves a genuine commercial purpose rather than simply being employee-driven.

Source: OECD 2025 Update to the Model Tax Convention, November 19, 2025 — EY Switzerland analysis, December 2025

Compliance failure rate

60%

Of global mobility compliance failures in 2026 stem from evolving tax and immigration enforcement errors

Source: TaxRavens 2026

EOR — what it covers and what it does not

Covered by EOR

Payroll, tax withholding, statutory contributions, employment contracts, misclassification risk

Not covered by EOR

Corporate PE risk if employee conducts core business activities, signs contracts, or serves local clients

Source: Ogletree Deakins, February 2026

Four actions organizations must take

1

Implement AI-powered tracking tools integrated with payroll for accurate jurisdiction logs

2

Revise WFA policies and contracts to incorporate the OECD 50% benchmark

3

Coordinate tax, HR, and legal for treaty-specific advice and social security certificates

4

Use EOR or entity restructuring to minimize PE exposure in high-risk scenarios

Source: Ogletree Deakins — February 2026

E-migration salary arbitrage — illustrative comparison

US data scientist

$156K

Annual fully loaded cost

Latin America equivalent

$24–36K

Annual cost via e-migration

Potential saving

50–85%

Per role in location-agnostic functions

Premium for workers

+28%

Earned vs domestic employers — WEF / Deel

Sources: Career Launch Campus 2025 · WEF January 2025 · Deel survey cited by WEF

Sources: WEF January 2025 · OECD Model Tax Convention Update November 2025 · Ogletree Deakins February 2026 · TaxRavens 2026 · EY Switzerland December 2025 © EmployerRecords

This is meaningful guidance, but it does not eliminate risk. It provides a clearer framework for managing it. The OECD update requires organizations to actively track where employees are working, document time splits across jurisdictions, and update employment contracts and work-from-anywhere policies accordingly.

For most organizations, that infrastructure does not currently exist. According to TaxRavens 2026 analysis, 60% of global mobility compliance failures in 2026 stem from evolving tax and immigration enforcement errors, a figure that reflects how quickly the regulatory environment has moved relative to organizational readiness.

Why EOR Solves Some Problems But Not All

Employer of Record solutions are the most commonly cited response to e-migration compliance complexity. An EOR becomes the legal employer in the foreign country, handling payroll, tax withholding, statutory contributions, and employment law compliance.

This eliminates misclassification risk and addresses payroll obligations. It does not automatically eliminate permanent establishment risk.

As Ogletree Deakins noted in February 2026, if an employee’s activities in a country constitute a fixed place of business or a dependent agent relationship because they sign contracts, serve local clients, or maintain a home office used predominantly for the employer’s business, corporate tax exposure can remain even with an EOR in place.

EOR manages the employment layer. Permanent establishment is a corporate tax question. Both need active management, and conflating the two is one of the most common and costly mistakes organizations make when building e-migration programs.

What Organizations Need to Do Differently

Most e-migration programs don’t fail on intent. They fail on infrastructure. Organizations approve cross-border remote work without the systems, contracts, or internal coordination needed to manage the risks.

Recent guidance highlights a few non-negotiables. Companies need reliable jurisdiction tracking, ideally integrated with payroll. Work-from-anywhere policies and employment contracts should reflect the OECD 50% threshold.

Tax, HR, and legal teams need to coordinate early, especially for treaty and social security obligations. And in higher-risk cases, EOR models or entity setup may be required to reduce permanent establishment exposure.

These aren’t best practices anymore. They’re baseline requirements for managing international remote work at scale.

At the same time, the pressure to get this right is increasing. Around 72% of employers still report difficulty filling roles, a figure that has nearly doubled over the past two decades. What’s changed is where the gap sits. AI-related skills now lead global shortages, overtaking traditional IT and engineering roles.

The implication is straightforward. The skills companies need most are often not available locally. That’s what’s pushing organizations toward cross-border hiring and e-migration in the first place.

Global Talent Shortage 2026 — ManpowerGroup Survey, 39,063 Employers, 41 Countries

ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — fieldwork October 2025

72%

Of employers globally report difficulty filling roles in 2026

74%

Was the figure in 2025 — marginal improvement but structurally persistent

40%

Was the equivalent figure in 2006 — the shortage has nearly doubled in two decades

91%

Of employers are deploying at least one active strategy to address scarcity

AI skills claim the top shortage spot globally — first time in survey history

#1 Hardest to find globally

20%

AI model and application development

#2 Hardest to find globally

19%

AI literacy skills

Previously top — now #7

17%

Traditional IT and data skills — displaced by AI demand

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — February 26, 2026

Talent shortage rates by country — 2026

Country Shortage rate Status
Slovakia87%Most constrained globally
Greece / Japan84%Critically constrained
Germany83%Critically constrained
India / Portugal82%Severely constrained
France / UK74% / 73%Above global average
Global average72%Benchmark
United States69%Slightly below average
Finland60%Lower pressure
Poland57%Lower pressure
China48%Least constrained globally

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — February 26, 2026

How employers are responding

27%

Upskilling and reskilling current employees

20%

Offering schedule and location flexibility

19%

Raising salaries to compete for scarce talent

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey

Shortage by industry — 2026

Information

75%

Hospitality

74%

Public Sector / Health / Social

74%

Professional / Scientific / Technical

73%

Manufacturing

72%

Finance and Insurance

71%

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey

Size compounds the problem

Large firms (1,000–4,999 employees)

75%

Highest shortage rate of any size category

Smallest firms (under 10 employees)

64%

11 percentage points below the largest firms

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — 39,063 employers across 41 countries, released February 26, 2026 © EmployerRecords

Geography Creates Radically Different Hiring Realities

The global average masks sharp differences across countries. Slovakia reports an 87% shortage rate, followed by Greece and Japan at 84%, Germany at 83%, and both Portugal and India at 82%. At the other end, China stands at 48%, Poland at 57%, and Finland at 60%.

These differences have direct implications. Hiring conditions vary dramatically depending on location. The same role, budget, and timeline can lead to entirely different outcomes across markets.

That’s why mobility strategy can’t rely on global averages. It has to reflect local labor conditions.

The United States, at 69%, sits just below the global average. Despite being a major destination for global talent, it still faces significant domestic shortages. Inflows help, but they don’t resolve the underlying imbalance.

Talent shortage: two-decade trend and hardest skills to find in 2026

% of employers reporting difficulty filling roles — 2006 to 2026

Source: ManpowerGroup Global Talent Shortage Survey — annual editions 2006 to 2026

Hardest skills to find globally — 2026 (% citing as critical gap)

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — February 26, 2026

The structural shift: The global shortage rate has nearly doubled since 2006, while the nature of what is missing has fundamentally changed. AI skills have claimed the top spot for the first time, displacing engineering and traditional IT. Organizations that rely solely on local hiring to fill AI capability gaps are working against structural market reality.

Source: ManpowerGroup 2026 Global Talent Shortage Survey — 39,063 employers across 41 countries

Source: ManpowerGroup Global Talent Shortage Survey — annual series 2006 to 2026 © EmployerRecords

AI Skills Are Driving Cross-Border Hiring

The rise of AI as the most difficult skill category changes how companies approach hiring.

If the most critical capabilities are scarce locally and concentrated in specific regions, then international sourcing becomes central to hiring strategy.

BCG data shows that AI specialists relocate more frequently than other high-skill professionals. At the same time, ManpowerGroup’s data confirms those skills are the hardest to find within local markets.

Taken together, the implication is straightforward. Treating AI hiring as a local problem is no longer realistic.

Employer Response Reflects the Pressure

Companies are not standing still. According to ManpowerGroup, 27% of employers are prioritizing upskilling and reskilling. Another 20% are offering greater flexibility in where and how people work, while 19% are increasing compensation.

In total, 91% of employers are actively trying to address talent shortages in some form.

These efforts matter, but they don’t fully solve the problem when the underlying skills are limited in the local workforce.

Scale and Sector Intensify the Challenge

Larger organizations face even greater difficulty. Companies with 1,000 to 4,999 employees report the highest shortage levels at 75%, significantly above smaller firms.

These organizations tend to have more specialized roles and more complex requirements, which makes local hiring harder. They are also the ones most likely to invest in global mobility and cross-border hiring. The data suggests that even with those capabilities, the gap remains.

Industry patterns show a similar trend. The Information sector reports a 75% shortage rate, followed by Hospitality and Public Sector/Health/Social Services at 74%. Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services come in at 73%, Manufacturing at 72%, and Finance and Insurance at 71%.

These are core sectors of modern economies. Persistent shortages here are not a temporary issue; they are a structural constraint.

Strategic Outcomes and Business Impact

Mobility Is Still Being Managed as Logistics, Not Strategy

The case for treating mobility as a strategic function is well established. The data is clear. But in practice, most organizations still run mobility as an operational process rather than a talent lever.

That gap shows up clearly in research from EY’s Mobility Reimagined Survey and KPMG’s 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report.

EY finds that 48% of employers are struggling to source global talent, and three-quarters say filling senior roles takes more than a year. Mobility is positioned alongside GenAI and upskilling as one of the primary responses to long-term talent shortages.

Yet 62% of respondents in the KPMG report say their mobility function is not involved in advising on candidate selection for global assignments. If mobility teams are not part of those decisions, it’s difficult to treat them as part of talent strategy.

Strategic Outcomes and Business Impact of Global Mobility

Evolved vs effective mobility functions — EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey, 1,074 professionals, 22 countries

3.7x

More likely to say mobility helps address medium-term talent shortages

1.5x

More likely to report mobility significantly helps drive business growth

1.7x

More likely to see function scope growing in the next three years

3.5x

More likely to recognize significant cross-border risk increase and act accordingly

The shareholder value case

17x

More value per year from firms attracting global talent into leadership vs companies with less globally diverse leadership

Equivalent to +1pp more shareholder value per year — measurable at the firm level

Source: BCG Top Talent Tracker Q2 2025

Employee outcomes from mobility

85%

Of employees describe mobility assignments as transformative

48%

Say the experience increases their likelihood of staying with the organization

Source: EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey

ROI is now the top challenge — KPMG 2025

Top challenge 2025

31%

Cite demonstrating ROI as primary challenge — a significant reorientation

Cost management — was top, now:

18%

Down from 39% in 2024

Source: KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report

What evolved mobility functions actively measure — EY 2025

68%

Track performance ratings of returned assignees

63%

Track revenue impact of mobility programs

59%

Track promotion rates post-assignment

53%

Track speed to fill vacancies via mobility

The contrast: 41% of all organizations measure nothing at all (Cartus 2026). Without measurement, mobility cannot make the internal business case, defend its budget, or earn a seat in talent strategy conversations.

Sources: EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey · Cartus Global Talent Mobility Survey 2026

GenAI in mobility — EY 2025

35%

Now routinely using GenAI — up from 22% the prior year

70%

Believe GenAI will positively impact their mobility function

96%

Of mobility professionals want to reduce costs — GenAI is the primary lever being explored

6.0→7.1

Expected strategic value score in next 12 to 18 months — KPMG 2025

Sources: EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey · KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report

Sources: EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey (1,074 professionals, 22 countries) · KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report · BCG Top Talent Tracker Q2 2025 © EmployerRecords

Evolved Mobility Functions Produce Different Outcomes

EY draws a clear line between mobility functions that are simply operational and those that have evolved. The difference comes down to five areas: strategic alignment, integration with talent strategy, digital capability, flexibility, and use of external expertise.

The outcomes are not marginal.

Evolved functions are 3.7 times more likely to say mobility helps address medium-term talent shortages. They are also more likely to link mobility directly to business growth and to expand the scope of their programs over time.

What stands out is how they measure performance. These teams track metrics that others often ignore, performance ratings of returning employees (68%), revenue impact (63%), promotion rates after assignments (59%), and time to fill roles (53%).

Without this level of measurement, it becomes difficult to build a credible internal case for investment. That helps explain why 41% of organizations in Cartus’ 2026 data report measuring nothing at all.

The Business Case Is Stronger Than Most Organizations Realize

The financial impact of global talent is more concrete than many organizations assume.

BCG’s Top Talent Tracker Q2 2025 shows that companies attracting more globally mobile talent into leadership roles generate roughly one percentage point higher shareholder value per year. That translates to significantly higher long-term value compared to less globally diverse leadership teams.

This isn’t a soft argument about engagement or culture. It’s a measurable financial outcome tied directly to talent composition.

At the individual level, the impact is just as clear. EY reports that 85% of employees with mobility experience describe it as transformative, and 48% say it increases their likelihood of staying with the company.

For organizations running mobility programs at scale, even modest improvements in retention translate into meaningful financial returns, assuming the data is tracked properly.

ROI Is Now the Central Challenge

KPMG’s 2025 data shows a shift in what mobility leaders are focused on.

In 2024, cost management was the top concern, cited by 39% of respondents. By 2025, that dropped to 18%. In its place, demonstrating ROI has become the primary challenge, cited by 31%.

This shift changes how mobility is discussed internally. Cost conversations keep the function operational. ROI conversations bring it into talent strategy and financial planning.

Mobility leaders also expect the perceived strategic value of their programs to rise from 6.0 to 7.1 out of 10 over the next 12 to 18 months, a meaningful shift if it materializes.

Mobility priorities: what changed from 2024 to 2025

Top challenge shift — 2024 vs 2025

% of mobility leaders citing as primary challenge

Demonstrating ROI

2024: ~5% 2025: 31%
2024 2025

Cost management

2024: 39% 2025: 18%
2024 2025

Talent strategy alignment

2024: 12% 2025: 22%
2024 2025

62% of mobility functions are not involved in candidate selection for global assignments — a function excluded from candidate selection cannot credibly claim to be a talent strategy (KPMG 2025)

Source: KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report

Strategic value trajectory — next 12 to 18 months

Self-reported strategic value score out of 10 — mobility leaders

6.0

Now

Current strategic
value score

+1.1 pts

7.1

Target

Expected in 12–18
months

GenAI adoption in mobility — year-on-year

Routinely using GenAI

22% → 35%

22%
35%

Believe GenAI will positively impact mobility

70%

70%

Want to reduce costs via GenAI

96%

96%

Sources: KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report · EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey

The trajectory is clear: ROI has replaced cost as the dominant concern, strategic value scores are rising, and GenAI adoption is accelerating. The functions that build measurement infrastructure now will be the ones positioned to capture budget, influence, and recognition in the next planning cycle.

Sources: KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report · EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey

Sources: KPMG 2025 Global Mobility Benchmarking Report · EY 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey © EmployerRecords

GenAI Could Close the Analytics Gap

For many organizations, the main barrier is not intent but capability. Mobility teams often lack the data infrastructure and analytical tools needed to demonstrate impact.

According to EY, GenAI adoption among mobility professionals has grown from 22% to 35% year-on-year, and 70% expect it to have a positive impact. Common use cases include workforce planning, productivity analysis, and risk management.

But GenAI is not a shortcut. Its value depends on the quality of underlying data and the ability to interpret outputs in a business context.

Organizations that invest in data foundations first, and then apply automation, are far more likely to close the analytics gap that has held mobility back from being treated as a strategic function.

The Broader Economic and Human Context

Remittances: The Financial Backbone of Global Migration

Remittances are central to the economics of migration. They have been the largest source of external financing for low- and middle-income countries since 2015, consistently exceeding foreign direct investment.

In 2024, global remittance flows reached $905 billion, up from $865 billion the year before, according to World Bank estimates cited in Visa’s 2025 Digital Remittances Adoption Report. Of that, $685 billion went to low- and middle-income countries, more than FDI and official development assistance combined.

The largest recipients were India ($129 billion), Mexico ($68 billion), China ($48 billion), the Philippines ($40 billion), and Pakistan ($33 billion). These flows support household consumption, education, healthcare, and small business activity in regions where formal economic systems often fall short. Globally, around one billion people rely on remittance services each year.

For HR and mobility teams, this matters more than it might seem. The people driving cross-border hiring and e-migration strategies are often part of these same financial networks. Hiring internationally doesn’t just shift where work gets done; it redistributes income across borders, often supporting entire households in the process.

The Broader Economic and Human Context — 2025 Data

Global remittance flows 2024 — World Bank estimates

$905B

Total global remittances in 2024 — up 4.6% from $865B in 2023

$685B

To low and middle income countries — larger than FDI and ODA combined

1 billion

People globally rely on remittance services annually — one in eight

Since 2015

Remittances have been the largest source of external finance for LMICs every year

Top remittance recipients — 2024

India

$129B

Mexico

$68B

China

$48B

Philippines

$40B

Pakistan

$33B

Source: World Bank Migration and Development Brief, January 2025

New risk: US remittance tax — 2026

1%

Tax on all US outbound remittances from January 1, 2026 — applicable to all senders regardless of status

>10%

Projected fall in Latin America remittance inflows in 2026 versus 2024 levels

Source: UN DESA World Economic Situation and Prospects — November 2025

2024 — deadliest year on record

8,938

People died on migration routes in 2024 — highest annual toll since IOM began tracking in 2014

72,000+

Deaths and disappearances documented since 2014 — all figures are minimum estimates

Source: IOM Missing Migrants Project — March 2025

Talent competitiveness rankings — INSEAD GTCI 2025 top 10

Rank Country Notable 2025 movement
1SingaporeFirst time at #1 in index history — rose 7 places in talent retention
2SwitzerlandDisplaced from top spot for first time — multiple top-5 results across pillars
3DenmarkUp 1 place from 4th in 2023
4Finland / SwedenFinland up 2 places, Sweden up 4 — Nordic dominance strengthening
9United StatesLowest position since 2013 — declined in openness and lifelong learning categories

UAE — Attract pillar

3rd globally

Behind only Luxembourg and Singapore. Five of top 10 Attract economies are from Northern Africa and Western Asia

OECD ITA — second edition, April 2025

Updated benchmarking tool now covers highly skilled workers, entrepreneurs, students, and a new startup founders ranking. First comprehensive update since 2019.

European dominance

European economies occupy 18 of the top 25 positions in GTCI 2025. Nordics are strengthening. Southern and Eastern Europe continue to lag.

Sources: INSEAD Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2025 · OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness, second edition, April 2025

Sources: World Bank 2025 · IOM Missing Migrants Project March 2025 · UN DESA November 2025 · INSEAD GTCI 2025 · OECD ITA Second Edition April 2025 © EmployerRecords

A New Variable: The US Remittance Tax

The policy environment around remittances is also evolving. The United States introduced a 1% tax on remittance transfers, effective January 1, 2026, applying to all senders regardless of immigration status.

According to UN DESA estimates, this could reduce remittance flows from the US by around 1.6%. The impact is uneven. In absolute terms, India and Mexico are most affected. In relative terms, smaller and more remittance-dependent economies, including El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, and Jamaica — face greater exposure.

For companies building nearshoring or e-migration strategies, especially in Latin America, these shifts are not just macroeconomic signals. They shape the financial realities of the workforce they depend on.

Migration Is Costing Lives at a Record Rate

The human cost of migration remains significant. According to IOM data, 2024 was the deadliest year on record, with at least 8,938 deaths along migration routes worldwide. That exceeds the previous high in 2023 and continues a trend that has persisted for more than a decade.

Since 2014, over 72,000 deaths and disappearances have been recorded globally. Many more likely go unreported.

A large share of these incidents occur in regions affected by conflict, including Libya, Yemen, and Sudan. The data underscores the risks associated with irregular migration and the importance of safe, regulated pathways.

For organizations involved in global hiring and mobility, this context matters. Decisions around sourcing, immigration policy engagement, and program design sit within a broader system where access to legal and structured migration routes has real human consequences.

How Countries Are Competing for Talent

Recent rankings offer a clearer view of how countries are positioning themselves in the global talent market.

The INSEAD Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2025, covering 135 countries, places Singapore at the top for the first time, followed by Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. European economies account for 18 of the top 25 positions. The United States ranks ninth, its lowest position in over a decade, reflecting reduced openness to international talent and weaker performance in lifelong learning.

The UAE stands out on a different dimension. While not leading overall, it ranks third globally in the “Attract” pillar, highlighting its policy-led approach to drawing international talent. More broadly, countries across the Gulf are strengthening their position as talent destinations.

The OECD Indicators of Talent Attractiveness (second edition, 2025) add a policy-focused lens, evaluating countries based on income conditions, quality of life, family environment, and healthcare systems. The latest update also introduces a dedicated ranking for startup founders.

Together, these frameworks offer a practical view for HR and location strategy teams. The GTCI reflects overall talent competitiveness, while the OECD indicators isolate the policy and lifestyle factors that influence where people choose to move.

Practical Takeaways for HR and Mobility Leaders

Stop Treating Immigration as an Administrative Function

Immigration has moved from a secondary concern to one of the top mobility challenges in a single survey cycle. This isn’t incremental change, it reflects tightening policies across major destination markets, including the US, Canada, the UK, and parts of the EU.

Handling immigration reactively is no longer viable. It needs to be part of planning before any deployment decision is made.

As Lewis Silkin’s March 2026 analysis notes, organizations that integrate mobility into strategic decision-making early are better positioned to secure talent and manage risk. In practice, that means aligning legal, HR, tax, and commercial teams before approving a move, not during onboarding.

Build Day-Count Tracking Before You Need It

The OECD’s November 2025 update introduced a 50% working-time safe harbor for permanent establishment risk. The guidance is useful, but only if organizations know where their employees are working.

Most don’t.

With the EU’s Entry/Exit System and increased data sharing between governments, visibility into employee movement is improving on the regulatory side. Organizations should assume that authorities already have this data.

The priority is straightforward: track it internally. That means moving toward automated, real-time tracking integrated with payroll systems. This applies not just to formal assignees, but also business travelers and remote cross-border workers.

Segment Policy by Move Type

The single expatriate policy is no longer sufficient for most organizations.

Cartus 2026 data shows that nearly half of companies are adopting more flexible policies, and the majority are reviewing them this year. The challenge is that many treat flexibility as an adjustment to allowances rather than a structural redesign.

Effective policy design now requires clear segmentation. Long-term assignments, short-term assignments, virtual roles, commuter setups, e-migration, and business travel each come with different compliance and cost implications.

Organizations that treat them as distinct categories — with defined ownership and cost models, are better positioned to control both risk and spend.

Measure What Actually Drives Value

KPMG’s data shows that demonstrating ROI is now the top challenge for mobility leaders. At the same time, Cartus reports that 41% of organizations measure nothing at all.

That gap is critical.

Cost per move is already tracked. What’s missing are metrics that connect mobility to business outcomes, retention after assignments, promotion rates, time-to-fill for critical roles, and revenue impact in growth markets.

Organizations that track these consistently are in a stronger position to defend and expand their mobility programs. Without that data, the conversation remains focused on cost.

Treat E-Migration as a Core Hiring Strategy

E-migration is no longer a workaround. In Latin America alone, more than 2.2 million professionals were working for foreign employers without relocating in 2023, and the number continues to grow.

For organizations facing shortages in areas like AI, where local supply remains limited, this model is increasingly central to hiring strategy.

But scaling it requires infrastructure. Employer of Record setups, jurisdiction tracking, compliant contracts, and coordination between HR, tax, and legal are essential. Without these, the compliance risk can outweigh the cost advantages.

Get Mobility Into Talent Decision-Making

KPMG data shows that 62% of mobility teams are not involved in candidate selection for global assignments.

That limits their role by definition.

Mobility doesn’t need a new reporting line to become strategic, but it does need a seat in talent reviews, workforce planning, and leadership pipeline discussions. That requires speaking in terms of outcomes, not processes.

The data supports that shift — whether it’s BCG’s shareholder value impact, EY’s performance gaps between evolved and non-evolved functions, or the global shortage of AI skills. These are strategic inputs, not operational details.

Build for the Market That Exists Now

Talent flows are shifting.

BCG’s 2025 data shows the first decline in global mobility since 2020. The US and UAE are gaining share, while Canada and the UK are losing ground. Singapore now leads the GTCI rankings. AI skills have become the most constrained globally.

Mobility strategies built on past patterns are already out of date.

Access to talent now depends on broader sourcing geographies and more flexible operating models. Organizations that adjust to where talent is actually moving, not where it used to move, will have a clear advantage.

Action Checklist for HR and Mobility Leaders — 2026

1

Move immigration into strategic planning

Immigration has risen from 11th to joint top mobility challenge in 2026. Align commercial, legal, HR, and tax teams before any deployment decision is made, not after it is approved.

Why now: Cartus 2026 — immigration is joint #1 challenge, up from #11 in 2024

2

Build day-count tracking before you need it

The OECD 50% safe harbor only protects organizations that actually track where employees work. Digital border systems are now live across the EU. Assume authorities know where your people are.

Why now: OECD November 2025 — 50% safe harbor requires active jurisdiction tracking

3

Segment policy architecture by move type

Build distinct policy blocks for each move type: long-term, short-term, virtual, commuter, e-migration, business traveler. Each carries different obligations. A single framework creates cost inefficiency and compliance exposure.

Why now: Cartus 2026 — 63% planning policy reviews; 48% moving to flexible policies

4

Measure talent outcomes, not just costs

41% of organizations measure nothing. Build metrics for post-assignment retention, promotion rates, time-to-fill using mobility, and revenue impact before the next budget conversation. Finance already tracks cost-per-move — own what they cannot see.

Why now: KPMG 2025 — ROI is now the #1 mobility challenge; Cartus 2026 — 41% measure nothing

5

Treat e-migration as a primary sourcing strategy

AI skills are the hardest to find globally. E-migration from India and Latin America is a primary lever for filling those gaps — not a workaround. It requires EOR arrangements, OECD-aligned contracts, tracking, and cross-functional governance to scale compliantly.

Why now: ManpowerGroup 2026 — AI skills #1 global shortage; WEF 2025 — 2.2M+ e-migrants in Latin America

6

Get mobility into the room where talent decisions are made

62% of mobility functions are not involved in candidate selection. Use BCG’s 17x shareholder value multiplier and EY’s 3.7x talent shortage advantage as entry points into workforce planning cycles and leadership pipeline conversations.

Why now: KPMG 2025 — 62% of mobility teams excluded from candidate selection

7

Update your talent geography assumptions

Canada and the UK are losing market share. The UAE and Gulf states are gaining ground. Singapore tops the GTCI for the first time. India is the dominant origin market by a factor of five. Programs built on historical sourcing maps are already misaligned with the market.

Why now: BCG Q4 2025 — UAE now #2 for STEM; INSEAD GTCI 2025 — Singapore #1 globally

Sources: Cartus 2026 · EY 2025 · KPMG 2025 · BCG Q4 2025 · ManpowerGroup 2026 · OECD November 2025 · INSEAD GTCI 2025 · WEF 2025 © EmployerRecords

References and Further Reading

EmployerRecords does not charge for citations. All sources listed are independent, authoritative research used solely to inform this analysis. © EmployerRecords

Employee Mobility and Migration Statistics FAQs

The United Nations estimates that 304 million people lived outside their country of birth by mid-2024, representing 3.7% of the world population. This covers all migration types including labour migration, family reunification, and humanitarian flows. Despite the rise in absolute numbers, the population share has remained relatively stable since 1990.
Global talent mobility declined in 2025 for the first time since 2020. BCG's Q4 2025 Top Talent Tracker recorded approximately 2.4 million cross-border relocations among highly skilled professionals, down 8.5% year-on-year from 2.6 million in 2024. Tighter immigration policies in Canada and the UK and weaker hiring conditions in major economies drove the contraction.
72% of employers globally reported difficulty filling roles in 2026, according to ManpowerGroup's survey of 39,063 employers across 41 countries. This figure has nearly doubled from around 40% in 2006. AI model and application development now ranks as the hardest skill to find globally for the first time, overtaking traditional engineering and IT.
E-migration describes professionals who work for foreign employers while remaining in their home country, without physically relocating. According to WEF analysis, over 2.2 million workers from Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico contributed to global companies in 2023, with the number growing 70% between 2020 and 2023.
The United States remains dominant, capturing 37% of all inbound highly skilled talent per BCG Q4 2025 data. The UAE has surpassed Canada and the UK to become the second largest destination for STEM talent. Singapore topped the INSEAD Global Talent Competitiveness Index 2025 for the first time in the index's history.
When an employee works remotely from a foreign country, their presence can trigger permanent establishment for the employer, creating corporate tax obligations in that jurisdiction. The OECD's November 2025 Model Tax Convention update introduced a 50% working time safe harbor, if an employee spends less than 50% of their time in a foreign country over a 12-month period, no PE arises from that location. Employers also face payroll, social security, and misclassification risks, which an Employer of Record addresses, though EOR does not eliminate corporate PE exposure.
According to EY's 2025 Mobility Reimagined Survey, evolved mobility functions are strategically aligned, talent-linked, digitally focused, and flexible — while effective functions are operationally sound but disconnected from broader business goals. Evolved functions are 3.7 times more likely to say mobility helps address medium-term talent shortages and 1.5 times more likely to report it drives business growth.
Global remittances reached $905 billion in 2024, with $685 billion flowing to low and middle income countries — exceeding FDI and official development assistance combined every year since 2015. For HR leaders, the workers used in e-migration and cross-border hiring are the same professionals whose earnings support household economies in origin countries, making their financial stability a relevant factor in long-term sourcing strategy.

Country-specific EOR guides

Employment rules, payroll, and compliance requirements vary by country. Our country-specific EOR guides explain what matters locally, including hiring rules, costs, and provider considerations.

Manjuri-Dutta
Manjuri Dutta
Manjuri Dutta is the co-founder and Content Editor at Employer Records, a platform specialized in discovering best Employer-of-Record services for global hiring. She brings a thoughtful and expert voice to articles designed to inform HR leaders, practitioners, and tech buyers alike.
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